Genome-Wide Association Study of Diabetogenic Adipose Morphology in the GENetics of Adipocyte Lipolysis (GENiAL) Cohort

Figures

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  Figure 1. Genetic loci demonstrating suggestive association with adipose morphology.

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  Figure 2. (A) Enrichment of candidate genes in progenitor cells and mature adipocytes. Data retrieved from the FANTOM5 dataset (http://fantom.gsc.riken.jp/5/) and Ehrlund, A et al. 2017 [29]. (B) Expression of candidate genes during human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) differentiation in vitro.

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  Figure 3. (A) ATL2, ARHGEF10, CYP1B1, TMEM200A, C17orf51, and L3MBTL3 was knocked down using small interfering RNAs (siRNA) in hMSCs four days (day −4) before induction of differentiation and followed until differentiation day 7 and 9. (B) Accumulation of neutral lipids was evaluated with Bodipy staining of cells at day 9. (C) Glycerol amount in the medium was measured, and all measured concentrations were within the range of the glycerol standard curve 0–120 µM. Results were analyzed using a t-test and presented in fold change ± SD relative to negative control of a corresponding time point (Neg C). ***p < 0.005, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.

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  Figure 4. (A) Cell number at day 9 of differentiation was measured by Hoechst staining of nuclei. (B) Cell proliferation was evaluated by measuring DNA-synthesis with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU). (C) mRNA-levels of proliferation marker mKI67 were measured with real-time qPCR at day 0 before differentiation was initiated. Results were analyzed using a t-test and presented in fold change ± SD relative to negative control of a corresponding time point (Neg C). ***p < 0.005, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.

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  Figure 5. (A–F) The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA), and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (CEBPB) measured on day 0, 1, and 7. The expression of ADIPOQ was only measured at day 7. Results are based on three biological/independent experiments. Expression of genes was normalized to the reference gene 18s. Results were analyzed using a t-test and presented in fold change ± SD relative to negative control of a corresponding time point (Neg C). ***p < 0.005, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.