What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to determine CO2 emission factors during the product stage of earthen architecture materials.

June 3, 2026Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ)0 citationsOpen Access

Perspectives on Earthen Architecture (Part 2) : Development of Co2 Emission Factors for the Product Stage Based on Field Surveys

KMKeitaro MorishitaWaseda University MYMidori YAMADAWaseda University YNYusuke NAKAJIMAKogakuin University

Key Points

This research aims to determine CO2 emission factors during the product stage of earthen architecture materials.
Conducted field surveys with nine producers in Japan
Measured emissions across different sourcing categories (A1, A2, A3)
Calculated CO2 emission factors based on material types: dried earth, straw fibers, pre-mixed earth.
Emissions per unit mass ranged from 6.09×10-3 to 1.01×10-1 kg-CO2/kg for dried earth
Straw fibers showed emissions from 4.80×10-2 to 3.06×10-1 kg-CO2/kg
Pre-mixed earth had emissions ranging from 7.73×10-3 to 2.88×10-2 kg-CO2/kg.

Abstract

This paper investigates dried earth, straw fibers, and pre-mixed earth, determining CO2 emission factors for the product stage based on surveys of nine producers in Japan. Since these producers are small-scale and rely on local sourcing, emissions from A1 and A2 are minimal; most emissions originate in A3, where higher quality requirements reduce production efficiency and increase emission factors. Emissions per unit mass range from 6.09×10-3 to 1.01×10-1, 4.80×10-2 to 3.06×10-1, and 7.73×10-3 to 2.88×10-2 kg-CO2/kg, respectively. These factors provide essential foundational data for the Life Cycle Assessment of earthen architecture.

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