Analysis of Existing Daylighting Conditions in Selected Library Spaces in Kaduna, Nigeria

Purpose: This study investigates the existing daylighting conditions in selected library spaces in Kaduna State, Nigeria, recognising that abundant natural light in the tropical wet-dry climate is underutilised. It aims to assess the visual comfort, light distribution, and energy efficiency challenges associated with traditional daylighting design approaches. Design/methodology/approach: The study analysed three library case studies using climate-based daylight modelling and field measurements. Tools such as Velux Daylight Visualizer and Revit® were employed to evaluate illuminance levels and glare conditions. User surveys were also conducted to understand seating preferences regarding lighting comfort. Findings: Results revealed uneven daylight distribution, excessive glare near windows, and insufficient illumination at core reading areas (often <300 lux). Average illuminance near windows reached 662.91 lux, but dropped significantly deeper into spaces. This shortfall leads to reliance on artificial lighting, contributing 20–30% to building energy loads. Survey feedback showed that 74% of users preferred well-lit seating areas. Research limitations/Implications: The study is limited to selected libraries within Kaduna State and focuses primarily on side-lighting design, which may not reflect design variations across Nigeria. Simulation accuracy, although validated, may not capture all real-time conditions. Future research should explore the long-term performance of enhanced daylighting strategies and broader user behaviour. Practical implications: Findings highlight the need to improve daylighting performance to enhance visual comfort, reduce operational costs, and mitigate reliance on artificial lighting in regions with unstable electricity. Introducing top-lighting strategies, including light pipes, is recommended to extend daylight penetration and improve energy efficiency. Originality/value – This research provides a foundational re-analysis of daylighting in library spaces within the tropical Nigerian context. It offers evidence-based guidance for redesigning educational buildings to improve sustainability, wellbeing, and learning environments, addressing a critical gap in regional architectural practice.