broth microdilution assays revealed that papaya peel extract was the most potent, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 10% v/v, while pineapple and watermelon required 40% v/v. The superior potency of papaya, despite lower single-metabolite docking rankings, suggests multicomponent synergy and matrix effects. These findings indicate that SIX8 is a ligandable target and that fruit peel phytochemicals function as effective antifungal agents.
Hodiyah et al. (2026) studied this question.