Association of repeated high serum osmolarity with cognitive function in older Japanese adults in a KOBE study subanalysis

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Participant selection and study design. This figure illustrates the timeline and data availability of the Kobe Orthopedic and Biomedical Epidemiologic (KOBE) Study, a longitudinal cohort study initiated in 2010 with biennial follow-up surveys. Serum osmolarity was measured during the 2012–2013 and 2016–2017 surveys. A subgroup of 214 participants aged ≥ 75 years who underwent the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J) in one of three survey periods (2012–2013, 2016–2017, or 2020) was selected for analysis. Thick arrows indicate the periods and participant groups used to examine the relationship between MoCA-J scores and serum osmolarity.

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  Fig. 2. The scatter plots illustrating the relationship between serum osmotic pressure and MoCA-J among participants. Each point represents an individual, with serum osmolarity on the x-axis and MoCA-J on the y-axis. (a). The relationship between serum osmotic pressure obtained from the 2012–2013 survey and the MoCA-J score. (b). The relationship between serum osmotic pressure obtained from the 2016–2017 survey and MoCA-J. MoCA-J; Japanese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment, which was assessed between 2016 and 2020. In the 2012–2013 survey, calculated serum osmolarity was obtained. In the 2016–2017 survey, measured serum osmolality was obtained.

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  Fig. 3. The scatter plot comparing serum osmotic pressure between participants from the 2012–2013 and 2016–2017 surveys. Each point represents an individual, with osmotic pressure from the 2012–2013 survey on the x-axis and osmotic pressure from the 2016–2017 survey on the y-axis. MoCA-J; Japanese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment, which was assessed between 2016 and 2020. In the 2012–2013 survey, calculated serum osmolarity was obtained. In the 2016–2017 survey, measured serum osmolality was obtained.