Experimental Analysis of a Gasoline–Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Passenger Car Spark-Ignition Engine

This study investigates the effect of partial hydrogen substitution of E10 fuel on the performance, fuel consumption, and emissions of a spark-ignition engine. Tests were carried out using a Toyota Avensis equipped with a 1ZZ-FE engine on a MAHA LPS 3000 chassis dynamometer. The engine was operated at 3000 rpm, at a vehicle speed of 50 km/h, and with an excess air ratio close to λ = 1. Four fuel cases were compared: E10H0, E10H05, E10H09, and E10H11. Results indicate that hydrogen addition reduced gasoline consumption and improved brake thermal efficiency. Specifically, at the maximum load point, gasoline consumption decreased from 8.2 kg/h to 6.0 kg/h, while the maximum brake thermal efficiency increased from 0.311 for E10H0 to 0.328 for E10H05. Hydrogen addition also reduced CO, HC, and CO2 emissions. At 32 kW, CO decreased from 0.116% to 0.056%; HC, from 6.3 ppm to 3.6 ppm; and CO2, from 15.0% to 11.6%. NOx increased from 17 ppm to 24 ppm. The results show that hydrogen addition can reduce gasoline consumption and carbon-based emissions, but the hydrogen fraction must be optimized to limit NOx formation.