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This paper presents a macro, integrative theory of leadership. The theory emphasizes the role of the leader in assessing the deficiencies in the follower's abilities, motivation, role perception or environmental conditions and in taking action to alleviate deficiencies which inhibit follower performance. Determinants of leader behavior and environmental influence are also central to the theory. Basic propositions and hypotheses of the theory are stated, and the leadership literature relating to these propositions is reviewed.
J. C. Wofford (1982) studied this question.