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M. P. Harris, S. T. Buckland, S. M. Russell, S. Wanless, Post Fledging Survival to Breeding Age of Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis in Relation to Year, Date of Fledging and Brood Size, Journal of Avian Biology, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Nov., 1994), pp. 268-274
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Harris et al. (1994) studied this question.
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