Decentralized demand control can help to ensure the balance between electricity demand and supply. In this paper, a multi-agent demand control system is proposed where residential demand is controlled to provide spinning reserves. With the proposed control framework, an aggregator of dynamic demand is able to control the consumption and the response on frequency changes of a cluster of loads. The primary frequency support by the cluster of loads can emulate the primary control of a conventional generator. The total customer welfare remains maximal during the frequency support by applying utility functions for each device.
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Weckx et al. (2014) studied this question.
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