Statesmen and Gentlemen is an important study of the way in which, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, China's ruling meritocracy was transformed into a locally-rooted elite whose principal aim was the consolidation of their power, wealth and influence on a local as opposed to a national and dynastic basis. Professor Hymes offers a remarkable picture of the institutional and social changes this process entailed, but he also examines in detail the subtle ways in which the elite's perception of itself and its social role changed and it came to offer powerful support to local self-defence, social welfare, religious cults and temple-building.
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Lee et al. (1989) studied this question.