In recent years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding o f the relationships between the family and the peer group. No longer are these two sets o f social systems viewed as independent, but instead they are conceptualized as mutually interdependent (Hartup, 1979; Rubin & Sloman, 1984). Moreover, it is recognized that these two systems are linked in multiple ways. In earlier presentations, we have outlined three alternative pathways that serve to link family and peer systems; these links are not mutually exclusive and may play different roles at different developmental points across development (Parke, MacDonald, Beitel, & Bhavnagri, 1988; Parke, MacDonald, Burks, Carson, Bhavnagri, Barth, & Beitel, 1989).
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Parke et al. (1992) studied this question.