Manmade organic compounds in the surface waters of the United States; a review of current understanding

Background 1 Purpose and scope 2 Processes affecting the fate and distribution of organic compounds 2 Sorption 2 Definitions 2 Adsorption and partitioning 3 Sorption of nonionic organic compounds 3 Importance of particulate organic matter 6 Importance of dissolved organic matter 8 Sorption of ionic organic compounds 8 Organic acids 9 Organic bases 9 Bioaccumulation 11 Importance of biological lipid reservoirs 11 Biomagnification 14 Transformation processes 1S Photolysis 16 Hydrolysis 18 Biodegradation 19 Volatilization 21 Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated insecticides 25 Uses, production, properties, and regulatory limits 25 Environmental fate 27 Environmental distribution 32 Carbamate and organophosphorus insecticides 36 Uses, production, properties, and regulatory limits 36 Environmental fate 37 Environmental distribution 39 Herbicides 39 Uses, production, properties, and regulatory limits 39 Environmental fate 40 Environmental distribution 43 Phenols 44 Uses, production, properties, and regulatory limits 44 Environmental fate 45 Environmental distribution 49 Halogenated aliphatic and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 50 Uses, production, and properties 50 Environmental fate 52 Environmental distribution 55 Phthalate esters 56 Uses, production, and properties 56 Environmental fate 57 Environmental distribution 59