A model of bureaucratic morality is developed in which a hierarchy of four levels of expectation is associated with a hierarchy of control systems. The four levels of expectation are: bureaucratic discipline (time-keeping, following instructions, etc.); bureaucratic trust (probity, rectitude, care for the public purse); bureaucratic fairness (impartiality, doing right); and bureaucratic professional honour (loyalty, commitment). The four systems of control are: supervision within the bureaucracy; monitoring by other bureaucracies; check by extra-bureaucratic mechan isms ; and élite socialization. Recent cases and current anxieties in the United Kingdom are described under each head.
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Andrew Dunsire (1988) studied this question.