Integrating personalized shape prediction, biomechanical modeling, and wearables for bone stress prediction in runners

Running biomechanics studies the mechanical forces experienced during running to improve performance and prevent injuries. This study presents the development of a digital twin for predicting bone stress in runners. The digital twin leverages a domain adaptation-based Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm, informed by wearable sensor data, to dynamically simulate the structural behavior of foot bones under running conditions. Data from fifty participants, categorized as rearfoot and non-rearfoot strikers, were used to create personalized 3D foot models and finite element simulations. Two nine-axis inertial sensors captured three-axis acceleration data during running. The LSTM neural network with domain adaptation proved optimal for predicting bone stress in key foot bones-specifically the metatarsals, calcaneus, and talus-during the mid-stance and push-off phases (RMSE < 8.35 MPa). This non-invasive, cost-effective approach represents a significant advancement for precision health, contributing to the understanding and prevention of running-related fracture injuries.