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In Volume 1 of Geophysics (1936), R.R. Thompson of Humble Oil and Refining Company proposed that the coupling of seismic and electrical energy can be used as an exploration tool. Subsequent efforts were directed toward using electric-field antennas as geophones. Small-scale studies concluded that antennas are not as sensitive as conventional geophones and their response is highly variable, depending on the local soil conditions. By 1959, Martner and Sparks of Pan American Petroleum reported in Geophysics a systematic study of seismoelectric coupling using explosives at various depths. Their results were the first to show that the conversion of seismic to electromagnetic energy at the water table could be detected using surface antennas. No studies have systematically explored the full potential of electroseismic methods using the same level of experimental sophistication used in seismic exploration.
Thompson et al. (1993) studied this question.