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Most organizations have difficulty keeping track of and controlling all the user identifiers and passwords across their systems. Identity management (IdM) systems are designed to help manage user identifiers across multiple systems as well as providing a way to manage user access over their lifecycle of roles in the organization. They are tightly integrated with other systems such as those that provide a single sign-on mechanism and the checking of their credentials. As such, these IdM systems have become extremely common in information technology infrastructure.
Kim W. Tracy (Tue,) studied this question.