This quasi-experiment examined the effects of a ship-based adventure program on adolescent participants' self-esteem and ego-identity development. Participants were given the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-2. Results indicated that participation in the program was associated with a significant decrease in the Diffusion domain of ego-identity development, a finding that supports the use of adventure programs to encourage adolescent self-exploration and self-development. Significant gender effects were found on the ego-identity measures. Program participation did not significantly influence self-esteem scores.
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Kaly et al. (2003) studied this question.