Recent Advances in Neuromorphic Devices Based on 2D Materials

Abstract The convergence of neuromorphic computing and 2D materials presents a transformative approach to overcoming the von Neumann bottleneck by unifying sensing, memory, and computation. Owing to their atomic thickness, diverse physical effects (e.g., ferroelectricity, quantum tunneling, and phase transitions), and van der Waals (vdWs) heterostructure compatibility, 2D materials have demonstrated remarkable potential in emulating synaptic plasticity and enabling multifunctional, low‐power neuromorphic systems. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent progress from 2010 to 2025 in 2D materials‐based neuromorphic devices, spanning memristors, electrolyte‐gated and ferroelectric transistors, and floating‐gate memory. Breakthroughs include sub‐100 mV switching voltages, femtojoule‐level energy consumption, and multimodal perception capabilities. Special attention is given to bioinspired interactive systems integrating tactile, visual, and auditory functions for real‐time processing. Furthermore, the key material innovations that address non‐idealities, such as device variability and instability, via interface engineering, defect control, and heterostructure design are analyzed. These developments underscore the critical role of 2D materials in enabling highly integrated, energy‐efficient, and intelligent neuromorphic hardware for next‐generation AI and edge computing applications.