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Abstract For electrochemical CO 2 reduction to HCOOH, an ongoing challenge is to design energy efficient electrocatalysts that can deliver a high HCOOH current density ( J HCOOH ) at a low overpotential. Indium oxide is good HCOOH production catalyst but with low conductivity. In this work, we report a unique corn design of In 2 O 3- x @C nanocatalyst, wherein In 2 O 3- x nanocube as the fine grains dispersed uniformly on the carbon nanorod cob, resulting in the enhanced conductivity. Excellent performance is achieved with 84% Faradaic efficiency (FE) and 11 mA cm −2 J HCOOH at a low potential of − 0.4 V versus RHE. At the current density of 100 mA cm −2 , the applied potential remained stable for more than 120 h with the FE above 90%. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the abundant oxygen vacancy in In 2 O 3- x has exposed more In 3+ sites with activated electroactivity, which facilitates the formation of HCOO* intermediate. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy also confirms In 3+ as the active site and the key intermediate of HCOO* during the process of CO 2 reduction to HCOOH.
Qiu et al. (Wed,) studied this question.