As the web rapidly expands and gets integrated into the daily lives of more and more people, so does the number of cyber attacks against it. To defend against attackers, website operators can utilize a wide range of defense mechanisms, both at the server-side, as well as the client-side of their web applications. From a security-metrics standpoint, the presence or absence of these mechanisms can be used as a security indicator of any given website.
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Chen et al. (2014) studied this question.
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