Mechanoelectrical feedback in pulmonary vein arrhythmogenesis: Clinical challenges and therapeutic opportunities

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Effects of apamin on automaticity and vessel tone of pulmonary veins (PVs) with or without intact endothelium. A, With intact endothelium, apamin‐increased spontaneous activity and vessel tone in the PVs. B, Apamin decreased spontaneous activity, but did not change vessel tone in denudated PVs. Adopted from Ref. [44] with permission number of 4765180023726 and 4765180023726

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  FIGURE 2. Effect of stretch and latrunculin‐B (Lat‐B) on pulmonary vein (PV) electrical activity in Langendorff‐perfused rabbit hearts. PV spontaneous electrical activity and bipolar atrial electrogram in atria under stretch with or without Lat‐B (100 nmol/L) treatment. Lat‐B (100 nmol/L) terminates PV burst firing in bipolar atrial electrogram. This figure was originally published in Lu YY, et al Clin Sci. 2016 with permission from the copyright holder 59

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  FIGURE 3. Effects of levosimendan on isolated pulmonary veins (PVs) with spontaneous activity and diastolic tension with or without intact endothelium. A, Levosimendan concentration dependently increases spontaneous activity and diastolic tension in the PVs with intact endothelium. B, Levosimendan did not change spontaneous activity and diastolic tension in denudated PVs. Adopted from Ref. [69] with permission number of 4765781439248

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  FIGURE 4. Targeting pulmonary vein (PV) arrhythmogenesis through modulating mechanoelectrical feedback. Ang, angiotensin; Lat‐B, latrunculin‐B; NO, nitric oxide; SK, small‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium