David Kang, Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines (Cambridge University Press, 2002) Vivek Chibber, Locked In Place: State-Building and Late Industrialization in India (Princeton University Press, 2003) Yongping Wu, A Political Explanation of Economic Growth: State Survival, Bureaucratic Politics, and Private Enterprises in the Making of Taiwan's Economy, 1950–1985 (Harvard University Press, 2005) Notes 1. Linda Weiss, ‘Developmental States in Transition: Adapting, Dismantling, Innovating, not “Normalizing”’, Pacific Review, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2000), pp. 21–55; Linda Weiss, ‘Guiding Globalization in East Asia: New Roles for Old Developmental State’, in Linda Weiss (ed.), States in the Global Economy: Bringing Domestic Institutions Back in (Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 245–70; Joseph Wong, ‘From Learning to Creating: Biotechnology and the Postindustrial Developmental State in Korea’, Journal of East Asian Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2004), pp. 491–517; Steven Vogel, Japan Remodeled: How Government and Industry Are Reforming Japanese Capitalism (Cornell University Press, 2006). 2. Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975 (Stanford University Press, 1982); Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (Oxford University Press, 1989); Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton University Press, 1990); Ziya Onis, ‘The Logic of the Developmental State’, Comparative Politics, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1991), pp. 109–26. 3. Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton University Press, 1995). 4. Linda Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State (Cornell University Press, 1998); Linda Weiss & John Hobson, States and Economic Development: A Comparative Historical Analysis (Polity Press, 1995). 5. Chalmers Johnson, ‘The Developmental State: Odyssey of a Concept’, in Meredith Woo-Cumings (ed.), The Developmental State (Cornell University Press, 1999), p. 60. 6. Evans, Embedded Autonomy, p. 30. 7. On these questions, both Evans and Weiss eventually slip into a statist or a state-cum-development approach that finds answers in the character of state organisation and the policies associated with that type of the state. 8. T. J. Pempel, ‘The Developmental Regime in a Changing World Economy’, in Meredith Woo-Cumings (ed.), The Developmental State (Cornell University Press, 1999), p. 144. 9. The notion of ‘institutions’ emphasised in this article differs from the conventional concept used in the statist literature. Drawing on the new institutionalist perspective developed by Douglass North, Peter Hall and many others, this article refers to institutions not only as formal state organisations, but also and mainly as the formal and informal rules that structure the behaviours of both states and business. 10. For a detailed economic explanation of Kang's model, also see David Kang, ‘Transaction costs and Crony Capitalism in East Asia’, Comparative Politics, Vol. 35, No. 2 (2003), pp. 439–58. 11. Mushtaq Khan, ‘The Efficiency Implications of Corruption’, Journal of International Development, Vol. 8, No. 5 (1996), pp. 683–96. 12. Trying to slip over this problem, Kang hovers between two different dependent variables – money politics and economic development. Meanwhile his work is caught between tensions of two contradictory logics: one compares the beneficial with the detrimental effects of corruption, and the other emphasises the different levels and magnitude of corruption in two countries. 13. By comparing industrial structure Kang argues that the Philippines has been as industrialised as Korea since 1960s. However, he simply equates manufacturing with industrialisation, ignoring the nature of products each country produced and exported. 14. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant, p. 146. 15. See the five works mentioned in Chibber, Locked in Place, fn. 53, p. 271. 16. As Chibber notes, the ELI model ought not to be confused with its forerunner that was based on the export of agricultural commodities and raw materials. For comparisons of ISI and ELI strategies, see Gary Gereffi & Donald Wyman (eds), Manufacturing Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia (Princeton University Press, 1990); Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Cornell University Press, 1990). 17. Kathleen Thelen, ‘Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics’, Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 2, (1999), pp. 369–404. 18. Paul Pierson, Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis (Princeton University Press, 2004); Kathleen Thelen, How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany, Britain, and the United States, and Japan (Cambridge University Press, 2004). 19. Thelen, How Institutions Evolve; Avner Greif, Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade (Cambridge University Press, 2006). 20. Although Chibber acknowledges such dynamics in the epilogue, he fails to integrate them in his own theoretical framework, particularly in the Indian case, where such dynamics occurs before the rule of Indira Gandhi. 21. Wu, A Political Explanation of Economic Growth, pp. 2, 183. 22. Meanwhile the SMEs were able to mobilise a series of ‘social goods’ such as flexible production and cheap labour, and to curb financial markets to facilitate their export production. 23. Ibid., p. 325. 24. Ibid., p. 104. 25. While it remains an empirical question whether the bureaucracy in South Korea and Taiwan was indeed as incoherent as these works suggest, particularly compared with other countries, it is at least clear that one cannot rely purely on state organisations themselves to tell the difference. 26. For a representative work, see Douglass North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge University Press, 1990). 27. In other words, there is neither a natural ‘developmental state’ nor a natural ‘developmental bourgeoisie’. 28. Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle, p. 24. 29. Marie Anchordoguy, Reprogramming Japan: The High Tech Crisis under Communitarian Capitalism (Cornell University Press, 2005); Steven Vogel, Japan Remodeled; Stephan Haggard, Wonhyuk Lim & Euysung Kim (eds), Economic Crisis and Corporate Restructuring in Korea: Reforming the Chaebol (Cambridge University Press, 2003); Sea-Jin Chang, Financial Crisis and Transformation of Korean Business Groups (Cambridge University Press, 2003). 30. Johnson, ‘The Developmental State’, p. 57; Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle, p. 29.
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