Russian regional evolutions: comparative gross regional product dynamics of the subjects of the Russian Federation, 1995–2013

Analysis of the comparative space–time trajectories of 79 subjects of the Russian Federation in 1995–2013 indicates an overall increase in inequality, and enables the classification of areas into two unequal groups. The first includes 80% of Russian regions with below-average gross regional product per capita (GRPPC). These regions have moved closer together, with most growing slower than average. Their development indicates a strong degree of path dependence. The second is a small group of high GRPPC regions that are very diverse and whose development was characterized by considerable instability. Identification and interpretation of these trends plays an important role in the design of effective policies for regional social–economic development.