While the treatment alliance (Sandler, Holder and Dare, 1970a) and some aspects of transference (Sandler, Dare and Holder, 1970b) relate to tendencies within the patient which act to maintain the treatment relationship, the concept of resistance is concerned with elements and forces in the patient which oppose the treatment process. Although resistance is a clinical rather than a psychological concept (Sandler, Dare and Holder, 1970a), originally described in connection with psychoanalytic treatment, it is one which can readily be extended, without substantial revision, to other clinical situations.
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Sandler et al. (1970) studied this question.
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