Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Outcomes by Race and Ethnicity

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Forest Plot of Outcomes Among Groups on Hormone Replacement Therapy Each hazard ratio is from a separate Cox model. All models controlled for age, income level, BMI, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, physical activity, and LDL levels and included HRT as the independent variable. MACE was defined as death from cardiac cause, resuscitated cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, stroke, new heart failure diagnosis, or any coronary revascularization. Reference group for (A) was never HRT users in the full cohort, and that in (B) was never HRT users within the respective race/ethnicity groups. (A) Associations between HRT and outcomes within the full cohort, and by whether HRT was started within 5 years of menopause or more than 5 years after menopause. (B) Associations between HRT and outcomes by race and ethnicity. BMI = body mass index; HRT = hormone replacement therapy; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; MACE = major adverse cardiovascular events.

• 

  Figure 2. Outcomes Among Chinese Participants on Hormone Replacement Therapy Stratified by (A) the presence of the metabolic syndrome, or (B) triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL. Each hazard ratio depicted is from a separate Cox model. All models controlled for age, income level, BMI, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, physical activity, and LDL levels and included HRT as the dependent variable. The reference group was never HRT users among the Chinese group. N = 193 for no metabolic syndrome, of whom 67 had used HRT, and N = 111 for the presence of the metabolic syndrome, of whom 37 had been on HRT. N = 108 with high triglyceride levels, of whom 31 had used HRT, and N = 196 for low triglycerides, of whom 71 had used HRT. The upper confidence intervals are clipped at HR 5.0 to fit within the plot.

• 

  Central Illustration. Associations Between HRT and Outcomes by Race/Ethnicity Reference group is never HRT users within the same race or ethnic group. Models adjusted for age, income level, BMI, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, physical activity, and LDL levels. Pinteraction for Chinese race <0.05 for both MACE and mortality.