Resilient load frequency control by consensus under FDIAs

Decarbonization, decentralization, and digitalization of power systems have been rapidly promoted, but these trends also pose challenges in maintaining supply–demand balance and frequency stability under false data injection attacks (FDIAs). This paper proposes a resilient load frequency control (LFC) system for multi-area power systems capable of maintaining stable power system operation under FDIAs. Specifically, the controller is designed based on a distributed consensus framework with auxiliary variables to suppress system frequency deviations in the presence of FDIAs. It is shown that the proposed system achieves supply–demand balance through consensus on power generation commands, and guarantees Lyapunov stability of the closed-loop system even in the presence of FDIAs. Additionally, our scheme is capable of mitigating any uniformly bounded FDIAs without limitations on the number or locations of compromised controllers, and without relying on attack detection or estimation mechanisms. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified through numerical simulations using the IEEJ 30-machine system model.