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This paper addresses the intermittency of PV energy by supporting it with an energy storage element in order to increase the penetration of renewable energy. A PV grid-tied system composed of photovoltaic module, uni-directional DC to DC converter, bi-directional DC to AC converter and storage battery is proposed. The efficiency of two different system operation options is evaluated and the operation option with the higher efficiency is simulated and practically implemented. The model developed and implemented in this paper can be extended, with little modifications, to wind and other renewable energy sources that are intermittent. The combined system will be modeled to assess the technology available and to set the base for a higher power rating system implementation.
Zabalawi et al. (Sat,) studied this question.