Trauma-hemorrhage and dendritic cell functions: A critical review of splenic dendritic cell dysfunction following trauma-hemorrhage and therapeutic approach

The trauma-hemorrhage- induced immunosuppression is also associated with an increased susceptibility to subsequent sepsis, organ failure and mortality. Previous studies demonstrated that trauma-hemorrhage induces immunosuppression in both innate immune systems and adaptive immune systems. The in vitro capacity of peritoneal, alveolar and splenic macrophages to release interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation is diminished after traumahemorrhage. In contrast, Kupffer cells have been shown to have an enhanced capacity to produce pro-inflammatory