Impact of high frequency stimulation to confirm a complete box isolation in catheter ablation of non‐paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Intracardiac tracings recorded during high frequency stimulation (HFS) on the left atrial posterior wall (LAPW) during sinus rhythm (SR) in the cases before the ablation with a contact force of 1–2 g (A) and 9 g (B), respectively. The atrial rhythm became irregular during the HFS (A), and the HFS disrupted the atrial rhythm provoking AF after cessation of the HFS (B). We defined those as an HFS (+) response. The tracings are surface ECG leads I, aVF, V1, V5, and the intracardiac electrograms recorded by the distal to proximal electrodes of the high right atrial (HRAd‐p) catheter, distal to proximal electrograms recorded by a circular catheter within the pulmonary vein (PVd‐p), distal, proximal, and unipolar electrograms recorded by an ablation catheter (ABLd, ABLp, and ABLu) on the LAPW, distal to proximal coronary sinus catheter (CSd‐p) electrograms, and the blood pressure.

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  FIGURE 2. Flowchart of the procedure and outcomes. Conventional entrance block of the box lesion was obtained in all study cases, however, the response of the HFS and conventional burst stimulation (CBS) differed among the individuals. Moreover, a concomitant adenosine triphosphate (ATP) injection could elicit dormant “exit” conduction in addition to the dormant “entrance” conduction suggesting incomplete lesions. The data are presented as the n (%). See the text and Table 2 for the details. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; Box‐PVI, box pulmonary vein (PV) isolation, LAPWI, LAPW isolation; PVI, PV isolation; RF, radiofrequency energy application. The other abbreviations are the same as in Figure 1.

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  FIGURE 3. Intracardiac tracings recorded during the HFS on the LAPW during SR in the cases after a complete Box‐PVI (A) and incomplete Box‐PVI (B). A: Bump artifact (asterisks) of the catheter on the LAPW that preceded the PV electrograms did not conduct to the atrium, which certified that the catheter was in contact with the LAPW, and the atrial rhythm was not affected during or after the HFS. We defined this tracing response as an HFS (‐) response. B: The atrial rhythm was affected during the HFS, which was an HFS (+) response. The order of the tracings and abbreviations are the same as in Figures 1 and 2.

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  FIGURE 4. Intracardiac tracings recorded in the cases with an incomplete Box‐PVI. (A) The CBS on the LAPW did not propagate outward resulting in maintaining SR, that is, a CBS (‐) response, however, the following HFS disrupted the SR, that is, an HFS (+) response. (B) The atrial rhythm was affected during the HFS, which was an HFS (+) response, however, automatic firing was frequently observed. The order of the tracings and abbreviations are the same as in Figures 1 and 2.

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  FIGURE 5. Intracardiac tracings recorded during the HFS on the LAPW during SR while provoking atrio‐ventricular block by an ATP administration after a Box‐PVI in the cases that underwent a complete Box‐PVI (A) and incomplete Box‐PVI (B). A: The atrial rhythm was not affected by the HFS, which represented an HFS (‐) response. Note that the bump artifact (asterisks) of the catheter on the LAPW was similar to that in Figure 3A, which certified that the catheter was in contact with the LAPW. B: The atrial rhythm was affected by the HFS, which was an HFS (+) response, that is, dormant “exit” conduction, however, non‐conducted automatic firing before and after the HFS was observed. The order of the tracings and abbreviations are the same as in Figures 1 and 2.

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  FIGURE 6. Kaplan‐Meier curves of the comparison of the freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmias after a Box‐PVI among the different isolated levels classified by the HFS response in all patients (A), that in patients with persistent AF (B), that in patients with long‐standing (LS) persistent AF (C), and that in all patients in which a complete bidirectional Box‐PVI was performed between that with or without additional RF inside the box lesion (D). See the text for the details. The abbreviations are the same as in Figures 1 through 2.