“In the hours and days immediately following [the September 11] attacks, Attorney General John Ashcroft … directed that FBI and INS agents question anyone they could find with a Muslim-sounding name … in some areas … they simply looked for names in the phone book … … Anyone who could be held, even on a minor violation of law or immigration rules, was held under a three-pronged strategy, fashioned by Ashcroft and a close circle of Justice Department deputies including criminal division chief at the time Michael Chertoff, that was intended to exert maximum pressure on these detainees …” (From a summary of Ashcroft strategy sessions contained, in further detail, in Steven Brill's After: How America Confronted the September 12 Era)”
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Hatem Bazian (2014) studied this question.