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• PFAS, prevalent environmental contaminants, contribute to human exposure. • Presenting current mass spectrometry techniques for detecting PFAS in human samples. • Revealing the challenges of PFAS quantification in bio-matrices and breakthroughs. • Uncovering the varying PFAS exposure patterns across regions. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread environmental contaminants that have been shown to contribute to human exposure, thereby raising a range of health concerns. In this context, human biomonitoring is essential for linking exposure levels of PFAS with their potential health risks. Mass spectrometry-based analytical techniques have been extensively adopted for the evaluation of PFAS levels across various cohorts. However, challenges arising from the use of biological samples (e.g., plasma, serum, urine, etc.) necessitate ongoing research and refinement of analytical methodologies. This review provides an overview of current trends in mass spectrometry-based approaches for human biomonitoring of PFAS, including sample collection and preparation, and instrumental techniques. We also explore analytical strategies to overcome challenges in obtaining PFAS-free blank matrices and address the risk of background contamination. Moreover, this review examines differing PFAS exposure patterns across regions by analyzing recent international cohort studies, specifically those conducted in the US and China over the past five years. Accordingly, several key research gaps in biomonitoring studies that need to be addressed moving forward are highlighted.
Kee et al. (Thu,) studied this question.