Many localities are able to survive without competitive export industries. The economic base of regional development rests upon various wage and non-wage external incomes. However, suitable regional data are often unavailable, and particularly those related to external consumer spending in urban regions and short-stay tourism. Three geo-localized databases are here combined into a circular-flow template from former consumer spending to the final wage income. By doing so, the paper contributes to identifying ‘transient custom’ as a new inflow driving local development and it provides a first estimate of its magnitude, using the Paris Region as a case study.
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Jean‐François Ruault (2017) studied this question.
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