The will to (de)liberate: shaping governable citizens through cognitive behavioural programmes in school

Lately, a deliberative conception of democracy has gained influence in policy debates throughout Europe. Individuals are here seen to be fostered into responsible, mature - democratic – citizens by being involved in dialogue. In the 1990s, calls for “democratic education” intensified in Sweden. This article analyze two pedagogical models influenced by programmes developed in the US that have recently had a large impact in Swedish schools and elsewhere, Social and Emotional Training and Aggression Replacement Training, both teaching pupils the “art of democratic deliberation”. By analyzing manuals and interviews with school staff, we find that both models are based on the idea that through constant dialogue, pupils develop a “democratic mentality”. Referring to Foucault, this kind of dialogue can seen as a technology of confession, where pupils are encouraged to reflect upon themselves and their behaviour, abilities and qualities, as a way to change themselves and become democratic subjects.