The concept of fetal programming provides an intellectual framework that links physiological adaptations that occur during development to permanent changes in postnatal regulatory systems. Recent research in the area of cardiovascular programming has highlighted the mechanisms by which these changes exert their effects. The aim of this review is to integrate some of the literature on nutritional changes, exposure to excess glucocorticoids and other challenges during development as they provide support for various mechanisms of programming of the cardiovascular system.
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Schwartz et al. (2003) studied this question.
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