Spatio-temporal distribution patterns, genesis, metallogenic regularity, and prospects of global potash resources

Spatio-temporal distribution patterns, at a macro level, reflect the synthesis of metallogenic regularity and metallogenic models, revealing the actual distribution of potash resources globally and the underlying reasons behind it. Metallogenic models, on the other hand, are the manifestation of metallogenic regularity in specific geological environments, showcasing the unique characteristics and diversity of potash deposits in different regions. Metallogenic regularity is the foundation, providing the theoretical basis for the formation of potash deposits through the interaction of the three dynamic systems: tectonics, climate, and material sources. • Summarizes the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of global potash deposits. • Briefly outlines the metallogenic models for diverse types of global potash deposits. • The prospects for future potash exploration are discussed with regard to existing resources, unexploited resources, geophysical exploration methods, and intelligent mineral exploration. Potash, a strategic mineral resource that impacts the development of global agriculture and industry, has received considerable attention regarding its worldwide distribution, genesis, and exploration prospects. Influenced by various tectonic events and climatic changes throughout geological history, the distribution of potash resources exhibits significant spatio-temporal characteristics. Potash deposits have been documented in a variety of basin types globally, including stable cratonic basins, continental rift systems, foreland basins, intermontane depressions, and other tectonic settings. The metallogenic epochs range from the Cambrian of the Paleozoic to the Quaternary of the Cenozoic, with potash formation primarily occurring in the Paleozoic, followed by the Mesozoic, and the least quantity formed in the Cenozoic. Based on the unique metallogenic environments and occurrence characteristics of these mineral deposits, potash deposits can be classified into three main types: marine, continental, and marine-continental transitional facies. Among them, marine potash deposits are large in scale and mainly formed in stable cratonic basins. Continental potash deposits, on the other hand, are smaller in scale and mostly distributed in intermountain depression basins within continents, and primarily characterized by salt lake potash. Marine-continental transitional potash deposits exhibit both marine and continental features, are mostly distributed in continental rifts or marine-continental transitional zones, and have complex metallogenic processes. Previous studies indicate that potash deposit formation results from the interplay of multiple ore-controlling factors, including tectonics, paleoclimate conditions, material sources, paleogeographic environment, and marine geochemistry. The metallogenic regularity is primarily determined by the interaction of the three dynamic systems of “tectonics-climate--material source” in specific spatio-temporal context. As a result, potash deposits across different global regions and geological periods generally exhibit significant diversity in metallogenic patterns, reflecting their unique mineralization environments and evolutionary histories of tectonic processes. This heterogeneity in genetic mechanisms means that a single metallogenic model cannot universally explain the formation of all global potash deposits. Consequently, worldwide potash exploration faces substantial challenges. Moreover, the specificity of these mineralization mechanisms further exacerbates the highly uneven distribution of global potash resources, creating severe challenges for countries with urgent food security needs in achieving sustainable potash supply. Consequently, building upon existing resource development, it is necessary to systematically enhance potash exploration potential and ensure sustainable supply capacity through deep potash exploration, AI-powered predictions, rational utilization of unexploited potassium salt deposits and the search for undiscovered ones, as well as innovation in exploration technology systems. This requires systematic breakthroughs in metallogenic theory innovation, detection technology development, and comprehensive predictive models to advance potash resource exploration toward precision, intelligence, and sustainability–ultimately establishing a new global potash supply framework that balances resource security with ecological equilibrium.