Mechanism of the actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase. Evidence that adenosine 5'-triphosphate hydrolysis can occur without dissociation of the actomyosin complex

We have investigated the steps in the actomyosin ATPase cycle that determine the maximum ATPase rate (Vmax) and the binding between myosin subfragment one (S-1) and actin which occurs when the ATPase activity is close to Vmax. We find that the forward rate constant of the initial ATP hydrolysis (initial Pi burst) is about 5 times faster than the maximum turnover rate of the actin S-1 ATPase. Thus, another step in the cycle must be considerably slower than the forward rate of the initial Pi burst. If this slower step occurs only when S-1 is complexed with actin, as originally predicted by the Lymn-Taylor model, the ATPase activity and the fraction of S-1 bound to actin in the steady state should increase almost in parallel as the actin concentration is increased. As measured by turbidity determined in the stopped-flow apparatus, the fraction of S-1 bound to actin, like the ATPase activity, shows a hyperbolic dependence on actin concentration, approaching 100% asymptotically. However, the actin concentration required so that 50% of the S-1 is bound to actin is about 4 times greater than the actin concentration required for half-maximal ATPase activity. Thus, as previously found at 0 degrees C, at 15 degrees C much of the S-1 is dissociated from actin when the ATPase is close to Vmax, showing that a slow first-order transition which follows the initial Pi burst (the transition from the refractory to the nonrefractory state) must be the slowest step in the ATPase cycle. Stopped-flow studies also reveal that the steady-state turbidity level is reached almost instantaneously after the S-1, actin, and ATP are mixed, regardless of the order of mixing. Thus, the binding between S-1 and actin which is observed in the steady state is due to a rapid equilibrium between S-1--ATP and acto--S-1--ATP which is shifted toward acto-S-1--ATP at high actin concentration. Furthermore, both S-1--ATP and S-1--ADP.Pi (the state occurring immediately after the initial Pi burst) appear to have the same binding constant to actin. Thus, at high actin concentration both S-1--ATP and S-1--ADP.Pi are in rapid equilibrium with their respective actin complexes. Although at very high actin concentration almost complete binding of S-1--ATP and S-1--ADP.Pi to actin occurs, there is no inhibition of the ATPase activity at high actin concentration. This strongly suggests that both the initial Pi burst and the slow rate-limiting transition which follows (the transition from the refractory to the nonrefractory state) occur at about the same rates whether the S-1 is bound to or dissociated from actin. We, therefore, conclude that S-1 does not have to dissociate from actin each time an ATP molecule is hydrolyzed.