Canada's oldest and largest public housing project, Regent Park in Toronto, was originally conceived as an ideal community for low-income families in housing hardship. By the 1990s, however, it had become virtually synonymous with socio-economic marginalization and behavioural depravity. Indeed, the broader social identity of Regent Park has become an accumulation and escalation of the stigma of its residents. The first section of this article charts the historical escalation of polarization between Regent Park residents and the Metropolitan Toronto population by comparing a series of broadly illustrative statistical traits over a 40-year period. This long-term historical perspective allows us to scrutinize the development of socio-economic marginalization both before and after the boom period of postwar capitalism from the 1940s to the 1970s. It confirms that Regent's resident population underwent a dramatic process of socio-economic divergence in comparison to the general Metropolitan Toronto population, which began in the mid to late 1960s before the onset of outright assaults on the welfare state. I flesh out the stark statistical portrayal by considering various qualitative sources such as oral testimony, letters to the author by former tenants, rare resident case files, and internal and public documents from the various housing authorities. In the second section, I explain the rise of socio-economic inequality. Contrary to currently popular underclass theories, I directly point the arrow of responsibility for rising poverty and inequality towards state housing policies, including wider urban renewal strategies and internal public housing practices, and neoliberal economic restructuring. Unlike most studies, I centre in a third section on the potently deleterious effects of stereotyping Regent Park as an outcast space. Stigmatizing renderings by external observers were not free-floating ideological representations but real reflections and shapers of spatial and social divisions with concrete economic and social consequences for tenants. I conclude by discussing what residents themselves thought about their homes and how they coped with stigmatization and material deprivation. Sometimes accepting and internalizing negative external representations and/or projecting these labels onto their neighbours and other times resolutely battling against these brutalizing depictions, Regent Park residents were always active players in building a meaningful living space. Resume Le projet de logements le plus ancien et le plus grand du Canada, Regent Park a Toronto, a ete initialement concu comme une communaute ideale pour les familles a faible revenu ayant des difficultes a trouver un logement. Dans les annees 1990, toutefois, il a est devenu virtuellement synonyme de marginalisation socio-economique et de depravation comportementale. A vrai dire, l'identite sociale la plus large de Regent Park est devenue une accumulation et une intensification du stigma de ses residents. La premiere section de cet article trace l'intensification historique de la polarisation entre les residents de Regent Park et la population de Toronto metropolitain en comparant une serie de traits statistiques largement illustratifs sur une periode de 40 ans. Cette perspective historique a long terme nous permet de surveiller le developpement de la marginalisation socio-economique tant avant qu'apres la periode de grande prosperite du capitalisme d'apres-guerre, des annees 1940 aux annees 1970. L'article confirme que la population de Regent Park a subi un processus dramatique de divergences socio-economique en comparaison avec la population generale de Toronto metropolitain, qui a commence vers le milieu et la fin des annees 1960 avant que commence les assauts directs sur l'Etat-providence. J'enleve les statistiques pures en prenant en consideration des sources qualitatives variees telles que les temoignages oraux, les lettres envoyees a l'auteur par les anciens locataires, les rares dossiers des residents, ainsi que les documents internes et publics de differentes autorites en matiere d'habitation. Dans la deuxieme section, j'explique la venue de l'inegalite socio-economique. Contrairement aux theories populaires courantes des classes marginales, j'attribue la responsabilite de la pauvrete et de l'inegalite croissante directement aux politiques de logement de l'Etat, y comprises strategies de renouvellement urbain et les pratiques internes relatives au logement public, ainsi que la restructuration economique neoliberale. A la difference de la plupart des etudes, je me concentre dans une troisieme section sur les effets potentiellement dangereux de stereotyper Regent Park comme un espace ostracise. Les conclusions stigmatisantes des observateurs externes n'etaient pas des representations ideologiques libres, mais plutot de vraies reflexions sur les divisions spatiales et sociales ayant des consequences economiques et sociales concretes pour les locataires. Pour conclure, je discute de ce que les residents eux-memes pensaient de leurs foyers et de la facon dont ils ont fait face a la stigmatisation et a la depravation materielle. Quelquefois, ils ont accepte et interiorise les representations negatives externes et/ou projete ces etiquettes a leurs voisins; en d'autre temps, ils se sont battus contre ces expressions brutales. Quoi qu'il en soit, les residents de Regent Park ont toujours ete des participants actifs dans la construction d'un espace vital significatif.
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Sean Purdy (2003) studied this question.
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