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Electric vehicles (EVs) have experienced rapid growth in recent years due to the concern about climate change. Meanwhile, hydrogen has become a versatile energy carrier that can be used in the EV industry. Thus, apart from pure EVs, hydrogen fuel cell EVs (FCEVs) and plug-in hybrid hydrogen and electric vehicles (PH2EVs) are also promising solutions for replacing gasoline vehicles. With the penetration of these alternative fuel vehicles, it is necessary to formulate proper strategies to guide EV charging and refueling. Hence, in this paper, a dynamic pricing strategy for integrated electricity charging and hydrogen refueling stations (IEHSs) is proposed to guide the charging/refueling decisions of a variety types of EVs and ensure the operation of IEHSs, power distribution network (PDN), and gas network (GN). First, a tri-level dynamic pricing strategy is proposed considering the interactions among EVs, IEHSs, and both PDN and GN. Second, the bounded rationality of EVs in station selection is modeled based on cognitive theory. Third, energy substitution for PH2EVs between electricity charging and hydrogen refueling is analyzed. Simulation results show that the proposed pricing strategy can increase the utility of EVs, enhance the profit of IEHSs, and mitigate the congestion of both PDN and GN.
Lai et al. (Tue,) studied this question.