To appear in The Twenty-First Century Firm, P.J. DiMaggio, ed., Princeton University Press, forthcoming. I very much appreciate comments made by Paul DiMaggio, Neil Fligstein, Charles Tilly, Barry Wellman, and especially Steven Vallas, whose critical remarks were invaluable. I also benefited considerably from feedback from seminar participants at the Sociology department at North Carolina University, the Department of Business Studies at Uppsala University, the Strategy workshop at MIT’s Sloan School, the Social Organization Seminar at the University of Arizona, and the History, Technology, and Society program at Georgia Tech.
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Powell et al. (2000) studied this question.
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