Bio-based and Sustainable Food Packaging Technology: Relevance, Challenges and Prospects

Bio-based and sustainable food packaging technology has emerged as a crucial solution to address the environmental impact of conventional plastic packaging. Bio-based food packaging represents a vital advancement toward environmentally sustainable solutions in the food industry. These materials, derived from renewable biological sources such as polysaccharides, proteins, and biopolymers, offer significant benefits including reduced dependency on fossil fuels, biodegradability, and potential for compost ability, all contributing to lowered plastic pollution and carbon footprint. Their capacity to protect and preserve food while minimizing environmental impact aligns closely with global sustainability goals and growing consumer demand for eco-friendly products. Nevertheless, challenges remain in performance optimization, cost competitiveness, scalability, and regulatory acceptance that must be overcome for broader implementation. Addressing these obstacles requires continued research into enhancing mechanical and barrier properties, innovation in active and intelligent packaging technologies, and robust policy support to foster market adoption. Collaboration across industry, academia, and policymakers will be crucial to accelerating these developments. Looking ahead, the integration of emerging materials such as nanocomposites, advances in circular economy models, and stronger regulatory frameworks offer promising pathways to sustainable growth. Future research focusing on lifecycle impact reduction, multifunctional materials, and consumer education will ultimately drive the transition to a more sustainable packaging future. By embracing these innovations and commitments, bio-based food packaging stands to play a pivotal role in reducing environmental burdens while supporting food quality and safety. The review also discusses major challenges including material performance limitations, scalability, cost, and regulatory aspects. Finally, it highlights future prospects involving advanced bio-composites, active and intelligent packaging innovations, and circular economy integration, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary strategies for transitioning towards sustainable food packaging systems.