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Legacy systems form the backbone of numerous critical business operations but increasingly pose cybersecurity and compliance risks due to outdated technologies and lack of visibility. This article offers a comprehensive and technical framework for modernizing legacy systems with confidence. We introduce advanced strategies including Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA), Compliance-as-Code (CaC), automated vulnerability remediation, real-time telemetry integration, and threat modeling. These approaches support proactive defense, regulatory adherence, and long-term operational resilience. With detailed implementation guidance and use-case mapping, this paper serves as a practical blueprint for secure, compliant, and scalable legacy system modernization
Vijayasekhar Duvvur (Sun,) studied this question.