Aharonov-Bohm Oscillations in Disordered Topological Insulator Nanowires

A direct signature of electron transport at the metallic surface of a topological insulator is the Aharonov-Bohm oscillation observed in a recent study of Bi2Se3 nanowires Peng, Nature Mater. 9, 225 (2010) where conductance was found to oscillate as a function of magnetic flux ϕ through the wire, with a period of one flux quantum ϕ0=h/e and maximum conductance at zero flux. This seemingly agrees neither with diffusive theory, which would predict a period of half a flux quantum, nor with ballistic theory, which in the simplest form predicts a period of ϕ0 but a minimum at zero flux due to a nontrivial Berry phase in topological insulators. We show how h/e and h/2e flux oscillations of the conductance depend on doping and disorder strength, provide a possible explanation for the experiments, and discuss further experiments that could verify the theory.