The Middle Tier in American Federalism: State Government Policy Activism During the Bush Presidency

Demarcations and assessments of particular periods of American federalism typically focus attention on national-state relationships, and ignore the independent activities of the 50 states. Labels applied to a period are often based on the federalism stance taken by a president. One can think of Lyndon Johnson's ''creative federalism,'' Richard Nixon's ''new federalism,'' and Ronald Reagan's ''new, new federalism.'' President George W. Bush, unlike some of his recent predecessors, has not proclaimed his own distinct vision of federal relationships, and consequently efforts to describe and assess the character of federalism during his administration must rely on a review of policy actions (or inactions). Because a sole focus on national-state relations ignores the ability of state governments, either singly or in combination, to adopt policies different from those of the federal government, it is also necessary to examine this independent policy activism as part of any assessment of an era in American federalism.