Effectiveness of Mobile Health Applications for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in Urban and Rural India: A Pilot, Randomized Controlled Study

Introduction: mHealth technology has the potential to deliver personalized health care; however, data on cardiometabolic risk factors are limited. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of mobile health applications (apps) on cardiometabolic risk factor reduction in adults aged 25 to 60 years in urban and rural India. Methods: The study design was a pilot randomized controlled trial conducted in Tamil Nadu, India. Smartphone users (25-60 years) with basic literacy and at high risk of developing diabetes (Indian Diabetes Risk Score ≥30 and/or fasting blood sugar FBS 100-125 mg/dL) were recruited. Four mobile apps (two commercially available, two novel) for cardiometabolic risk reduction were evaluated. Primary outcome (weight loss) was analyzed using intention-to-treat analysis with post hoc analysis and logistic regression models adjusted for confounders. Results: A total of 5264 participants were screened, and 610 were recruited into the study. Participants (7%) dropped out largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data from 567 participants were used for the final analysis. In the intention-to-treat analysis, a significant reduction in body weight was observed in the intervention group as compared with control, more so in the urban (−2.40 kg, 95% confidence interval CI = −3.10, −1.69, P < .001) compared with rural population (−1.19 kg, 95% CI = −1.55, −0.82, P < .001). Intervention group participants showed significant reductions in body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, FBS, total serum cholesterol, and a positive effect on dietary and physical activity behaviors compared with controls. Conclusions: mHealth interventions can reduce diabetes risk, improve cardiometabolic health, and improve lifestyle behaviors in South Asian populations. Trial Registration: The trial is registered with the Central Trials Registry, India (CTRI/2020/03/024327).