Measuring the Impact of Promotions on Brand Switching When Consumers Are Forward Looking

Logit choice models have been used extensively to study promotion response. This article examines whether brand-switching elasticities derived from these models are overestimated as a result of rational consumer adjustment of purchase timing to coincide with promotion schedules and whether a dynamic structural model can address this bias. Using simulated data, the authors first show that if the structural model is correct, brand-switching elasticities are overestimated by stand-alone logit models. A nested logit model improves the estimates, but not completely. Second, the authors estimate the models on real data. The results indicate that the structural model fits better and produces sensible coefficient estimates. The authors then observe the same pattern in switching elasticities as they do in the simulation. Third, the authors predict sales assuming a 50% increase in promotion frequency. The reduced-form models predict much higher sales levels than does the dynamic structural model. The authors conclude that reduced-form model estimates of brand-switching elasticities can be overstated and that a dynamic structural model is best for addressing the problem. Reduced-form models that include incidence can partially, though not completely, address the issue. The authors discuss the implications for researchers and managers.