How Do We Measure and Increase Systems Thinking? Comparing Self‐Reported and Performative Metrics in Response to Building Causal Loop Models

ABSTRACT Systems thinking is a mindset and skill essential to understanding and addressing complex challenges. However, increasing and measuring systems thinking is difficult. In this research, we compared multiple approaches to measuring systems thinking, including self‐reported measures of a systems thinking mindset and performative measures of systems thinking skills (i.e., participants' reasoning about a system and metrics derived from participants' causal model diagrams of a system). We also evaluated whether systems thinking is specific to disciplinary domains (ecological vs. economic). Finally, we assessed whether building causal models increased systems thinking. Self‐report and performative measures of systems thinking were related but not redundant. Metrics derived from participants' models correlated with some but not all measures of systems thinking. Systems thinking partially generalizes across domains. The process of creating models increased self‐reported, but not performative, measures of systems thinking. Measuring systems thinking appears to require a multimethod approach that includes performative assessment.