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Volatile organic solvents and fluoride-containing ionic liquids (ILs) have few drawbacks like toxicity, non-biodegradability, and environmental issues. Even though ILs are considered as new safest solvent for their lower volatility. They pose toxicity and sustainability concerns. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have garnered significant attention as substitutes for these solvents, addressing their drawbacks and aligning with specific principles of green chemistry, such as reduced toxicity, biodegradability, and the use of renewable resources. This review thoroughly explains the emergence and inception of DESs through their development. It deals with the physicochemical properties like density, polarity, and viscosity. The factors dealing with variation in density and viscosity of DES have been discussed. The preparation and operation of DESs, encompassing their various variants such as hydrophobic and hydrophilic types are examined to provide a comprehensive grasp of their chemical properties. Beyond basic characteristics, the article delves into a few specific DES applications to demonstrate their flexibility. DESs show promising multifarious utility, ranging from acting as extractant to critical roles in sorbent-based extractions, solvent-based extractions, and their role in various analytical techniques. The article covers the opportunities and difficulties associated with DESs, offering a prospective viewpoint on future advancements and difficulties. The review outlines different facets of DES research, emphasizing the level of knowledge at the moment and their potential influence in the emerging subject of DESs.
Katrak et al. (Wed,) studied this question.