The authors show that conventional perturbation theory does not yield the correct kappa expansion of Mandelstam Green functions. The non-local, exponential-order field dependence of these variables pulls the stationary configuration away from flat space to a 'non-trivial extremal' which does not follow from classical perturbation theory. It is possible that this effect regulates ultraviolet divergences.
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Tsamis et al. (1990) studied this question.
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