This article explores the first 15 months of Ken Livingstone's period as mayor of London, arguing that fears of a politically radical mayoralty remain to be realized. It considers three main areas where Livingstone has focused his efforts - in scale politics, in urban planning and in the 're-imagining' of London and Londoners as a civic identity - and suggests constraints on Livingstone's scope for pursuing centre-left policy options.
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Donald McNeill (2002) studied this question.
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