The determinants of competitiveness between hub ports in the multipolar Northeast Asian system will decide achieve regional gateway status. A survey instrument to assess 21 pertinent measurement items generated203 responses from Shanghai, Hong Kong and Busan. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a valid and reliable construct underpinning 19 measurement scales and a four-factor model incorporating, operational efficiency, port costs and service quality. Differences in factor importance revealed that as a regional gateway port depends on whether port areas develop strategically into multi-functional centres. The model offers a management tool to guide future port improvement.
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Kim et al. (2016) studied this question.
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